Northampton, Massachusetts

Northampton, Massachusetts
—  City  —
Northampton, Massachusetts Main Street

Seal
Nickname(s): The Meadow City,[1] Hamp, Lesbianville USA,[2][3] NoHo, NTown, Paradise City
Motto: Caritas, educatio, justitia (Latin "Caring, education and justice")
Location in Hampshire County in Massachusetts
Coordinates:
Country United States
State Massachusetts
County Hampshire
Settled and Charter granted 1654
Incorporated as a city 1884
Government
 • Type Mayor-council city
 • Mayor Acting Mayor David Narkewicz
Area
 • Total 35.6 sq mi (92.2 km2)
 • Land 34.5 sq mi (89.3 km2)
 • Water 1.1 sq mi (3.0 km2)
Elevation 248 ft (76 m)
Population (2000)
 • Total 28,978
 • Density 841.0/sq mi (324.7/km2)
Time zone Eastern (UTC-5)
 • Summer (DST) Eastern (UTC-4)
ZIP code 01060
Area code(s) 413
FIPS code 25-46330
GNIS feature ID 0606674
Website www.northamptonma.gov

The city of Northampton is the county seat of Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population of Northampton's central neighborhoods, (including the villages of Florence, Massachusetts and Leeds, Massachusetts) was 28,549. Northampton is part of the Pioneer Valley, and also one of the northernmost cities in the Knowledge Corridor — a cross-state cultural and economic partnership with other Connecticut River Valley cities and towns.

Northampton is home to Smith College and the Clarke School for the Deaf. Smith students (along with those of the associated Five Colleges) contribute to Northampton's "college town" atmosphere.

Today, Northampton is known as an artistic, musical, and counter-culture hub. It features a large and politically influential LGBT community, along with numerous alternative health and intellectual organizations.[4] Based on U.S. Census demographics, election returns, and other criteria, the website Epodunk rates Northampton as the most politically liberal medium-sized city (population 25,000-99,000) in the United States.[5]

Northampton is considered part of the Springfield Metropolitan Area, one of Massachusetts' two separate metropolitan areas. It sits approximately 15 miles north of the City of Springfield, Massachusetts.

Contents

History

Early Settlement

The area now called Northampton was once known as Norwottuck, or Nonotuck, meaning "the midst of the river"[6] by its original Pocumtuc inhabitants. According to various accounts, Northampton was named by John King (1629–1703), one of its original settlers, or possibly in his honor, since it is supposed that he came to Massachusetts from Northampton, England (Allen 9, Dwight 10, Leach 124).

The Pocumtuc confederacy occupied the Connecticut River Valley, from what is now southern Vermont and New Hampshire into northern Connecticut. The Pocumtuc tribes were Algonquian, and traditionally allied with the Mahican confederacy to the west. By 1606, an ongoing struggle between the Mahican and Iroquois confederacies led to direct attacks on the Pocumtuc by the Iroquoian Mohawk nation.[7] The Mahican confederacy had been defeated by 1628, limiting Pocumtuc access to trade routes to the west. The area suffered a major smallpox epidemic in the 1630s, following the arrival of Dutch traders in the Hudson Valley and English settlers in the Massachusetts Bay Colony during the previous two decades. It was in this context that the land making up the bulk of modern Northampton was sold to settlers from Springfield, Massachusetts in 1653, and settled the following year.[8][9] The situation in the region further deteriorated when the Mohawk escalated hostilities against the Pocumtuc confederacy and other Algonquian tribes after 1655, forcing many of the plague-devastated Algonquian groups into defensive mergers.[7] This coincided with a souring of relations between the Wampanoag and the Massachusetts Bay colonists, eventually leading to the expanded Algonquian alliance which took part in King Philip's War.

The Partition of Northampton

Northampton's territory would be enlarged beyond the original settlement, but later portions would be carved up into separate cities, towns, and municipalities. Southampton, for example, was incorporated in 1775, and included parts of the territories of modern Montgomery (which was itself incorporated in 1780) and Easthampton.[10] Westhampton was incorporated in 1778, and Easthampton in 1809.[11] Formerly, a section of Northampton called Smith's Ferry was separated from the rest of the town by the boundaries of Easthampton. The shortest path to downtown was on a road near the Connecticut River oxbow, which was subject to frequent flooding. Smith's Ferry was ceded to Holyoke, Massachusetts in 1909.[12]

The Great Awakening

In 1733, Congregational preacher Jonathan Edwards started a Christian revival in Northampton. It reached such intensity, in the winter of 1734 and the following spring, as to threaten the business of the town. In the spring of 1735, the movement began to subside and a reaction set in. But the relapse was brief, and the Northampton revival, which had spread through the Connecticut River Valley and whose fame had reached England and Scotland, was followed in 1739–1740 by the Great Awakening, under the leadership of Edwards.

Northampton hosted its own witch trials in the 1700s, although no alleged witches were executed.

After the Revolution

Members of the Northampton community were present at the Constitutional Convention.[13]

On August 29, 1786, Daniel Shays and a group of Revolutionary War Veterans (who called themselves Shaysites), stopped the civil court from sitting in Northampton.[14]

In 1805, a crowd of 15,000 gathered in Northampton to watch the executions of two Irishmen, Dominic Daley, 34, and James Halligan, 27, convicted of murder. The crowd, composed largely of New England Protestants of English ancestry, lit bonfires and expressed virulently anti-Irish and anti-Catholic sentiments. The trial evidence against Daley & Halligan was sparse, circumstantial, contrived, and perjurious.[15] The men were hanged on June 5, 1806, on Pancake Plain. Their bodies were denied a burial; they were destroyed in the local slaughterhouse. This trial "later came to be seen as epitomizing the anti-Irish sentiment that was widespread in New England in the early 19th century."[16] Daley & Halligan were exonerated of all crimes by governor Michael Dukakis in 1984. Today, a simple stone landmark stands, marking the site of Daley & Halligan's executions.

In 1835, Northampton was linked to the ocean by the New Haven and Northampton Canal,[17] but the canal enterprise foundered and after about a decade was replaced by a railroad running along the same route.[18] A flood on the Mill River on May 16, 1874, destroyed almost the entire Northampton neighborhood of Leeds.[19]

The "Paradise of America"

From 1832 until 1846, Northampton was home to a transcendentalist utopian community of abolitionists. Called the Northampton Association of Education and Industry, the community believed that the rights of all people should be "equal without distinction of sex, color or condition, sect or religion." It supported itself by producing mulberry trees and silk. Sojourner Truth, a former slave who became a national advocate for equality and justice, lived in this community until its dissolution, (and later in a house on Park Street until 1857.)[20]

In 1851, opera singer Jenny Lind, the "Swedish Nightingale", declared Northampton to be the "Paradise of America," from which Northampton took its nickname The Paradise City.

Clarke School for the Deaf was founded in Northampton in 1867. It was the United States' first permanent oral school for the deaf. Alexander Graham Bell and Grace Coolidge have served as heads of school.

Smith College for women was founded in Northampton in 1871. Today, Smith is the largest of the Seven Sisters colleges. Well-known Smith alumnae include Sylvia Plath, Gloria Steinem, Madeleine L'Engle and Julia Child. The first game of women's basketball was played at Smith College in 1892.

Northampton was incorporated as a city in 1883.

Immigrant groups that settled Northampton in large numbers included Irish, Polish, and French-Canadian.

U.S. President Calvin Coolidge worked as a lawyer in Northampton, and served as the city's mayor from 1910–1912, before moving on to the White House. After retiring from the U.S. Presidency in 1929, Coolidge moved back to Northampton. He died in the city on January 5, 1933.

Decline

During the mid-20th century, Northampton experienced several decades of economic decline, peaking in the 1970s, related to the emergence of the Rust Belt phenomenon.Though Western Massachusetts lies outside of the Rust Belt geographically, the centrality of commerce and the arts to Northampton's economy left it economically vulnerable, particularly when compounded with the decline of Springfield's manufacturing sector, Holyoke's paper industry, and massive plant closures in the nearby New York Capital District.

The Cultural Renaissance of NoHo

Today, Northampton is a thriving cultural center and an increasingly popular tourist destination. "NoHo" as many call the city, attracts patrons to its many eclectic restaurants and its lively arts and music scenes. Northampton has a particularly high number of restaurants per capita, which feature a wide range of ethnic foods. Two Northampton Farmers' Markets, held weekly, sell fresh produce from local farms.

Since 1995 Northampton has been home to the twice-yearly Paradise City Arts Festival,[21] held at the Three County Fairgrounds on Memorial Day Weekend and Columbus Day Weekend. The Festival is ranked as the #1 arts fair in America, and is a national juried showcase for contemporary craft and fine art.

An extant opera house, the Academy of Music.[22] an 800 seat theatre operates as one venue for local productions. The Iron Horse Music hall, Northampton Community Music Center and Acardia Players serve as musical venues as well.

As Smith College is one of the Five Colleges in western Massachusetts' Pioneer Valley region, (the others are Hampshire College, Amherst College, University of Massachusetts Amherst, and Mount Holyoke College) Northampton has a particularly vibrant youth culture. Its downtown street scene is populated by counter-culture artists, street musicians, and political activists.

Northampton has a well-established music scene. The city features live music venues such as the Calvin Theater, Pines Theater, Pearl Street, Iron Horse Music Hall, The Elevens, and The Academy of Music. Musicians and bands that refer to the area as "home" include Ray Mason, Sonic Youth, Lord Jeff,Mobius Band,The Sun Parade,Erin McKeown, The Nields, The Young@Heart Chorus, Cordelia's Dad, Greenstreet Brew, and Sore Eros.

Geography

Northampton sits on the banks of the Connecticut River, in the Pioneer Valley of Western Massachusetts. It is located at .[23]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 35.6 square miles (92 km2), of which 34.5 square miles (89 km2) is land and 1.1 square miles (2.8 km2) (3.20%) is water. 21% of the city is permanently protected open space[24]

Within Northampton's city limits are the incorporated villages of Florence and Leeds.

Northampton is bordered to the north by the towns of Hatfield and Williamsburg; to the west by Westhampton; to the east by Hadley (across the Connecticut River); and to the south by Easthampton.

The art deco Calvin Coolidge Bridge connects Northampton with Hadley across the Connecticut River. The college town of Amherst is located 7.86 miles (12.65 km) east of Northampton, next to Hadley. Springfield, the Connecticut River Valley's most populous city, is located 15.74 miles (25.33 km) southeast of Northampton. Boston is located 81.57 miles (131.27 km) east of Northampton. New York City is 131.28 miles (211.27 km) southeast of Northampton.

The Connecticut River's famous Oxbow is within Northampton's city limits, at the northern base of Mount Nonotuck.

Demographics

Historical populations
Year Pop. ±%
1790 1,628 —
1800 2,190 +34.5%
1810 2,631 +20.1%
1820 2,854 +8.5%
1830 3,613 +26.6%
1840 3,750 +3.8%
1850 5,278 +40.7%
1860 6,788 +28.6%
1870 10,160 +49.7%
1880 12,172 +19.8%
1890 14,990 +23.2%
1900 18,643 +24.4%
1910 19,431 +4.2%
1920 21,951 +13.0%
1930 24,381 +11.1%
1940 24,794 +1.7%
1950 29,063 +17.2%
1960 20,058 −31.0%
1970 29,664 +47.9%
1980 29,286 −1.3%
1990 29,289 +0.0%
2000 28,978 −1.1%
2001* 28,792 −0.6%
2002* 29,058 +0.9%
2003* 28,931 −0.4%
2004* 28,848 −0.3%
2005* 28,660 −0.7%
2006* 28,586 −0.3%
2007* 28,538 −0.2%
2008* 28,493 −0.2%
2009* 28,528 +0.1%
2010 28,549 +0.1%
* = population estimate.
Source: United States Census records and Population Estimates Program data.[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]

As of the census[36] of 2000, there were 28,978 people, 11,880 households, and 5,880 families residing in the city. Northampton has the most lesbian couples per capita of any city in the US.[37] The population density was 841.0 people per square mile (324.7/km²). There were 12,405 housing units at an average density of 360.0 per square mile (139.0/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 90.01% White, 2.08% African American, 0.30% Native American, 3.13% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 2.41% from other races, and 2.03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.24% of the population.

There were 11,880 households out of which 22.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.7% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 50.5% were non-families. 37.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the average family size was 2.87.

In the city the population was spread out with 17.0% under the age of 18, 15.4% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 75.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 71.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $41,808, and the median income for a family was $56,844. Males had a median income of $37,264 versus $30,728 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,022. About 5.7% of families and 9.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.4% of those under age 18 and 9.1% of those age 65 or over.

Northampton's public schools include four elementary schools (kindergarten through 5th grade), one middle school (6th to 8th grade), one high school (9th to 12th grade), and one vocational-agricultural high school (9th to 12th grade). There are a few charter schools and several private schools in Northampton and surrounding towns.

According to the website ePodunk's Gay Index, which is based on figures from the 2000 U.S. Census, Northampton has a score of 535 vs. a national average score of 100, (i.e. Northampton's population includes 535% more GLBT people than the average American place.)[38]

Government

As of 2010, Mary Clare Higgins is the Mayor.[39] Previous mayors include former president Calvin Coolidge and James "Big Jim" Cahillane who served from 1954 to 1960. Also well known Judge Sean M. Dunphy was the youngest elected mayor in its history at age 28.

The Paradise City Forum was founded November 2001 to provide a nonpartisan discussion tool for the community.

Voter Registration and Party Enrollment as of October 15, 2008[40]
Party Number of Voters Percentage
  Democratic 10,066 49.49%
  Republican 994 4.89%
  Unaffiliated 8,998 44.24%
  Minor Parties 280 1.38%
Total 20,338 100%

Public schools

Main article: Northampton Public Schools, Massachusetts

Transportation

Northampton is served by Interstate 91, which passes to the east of downtown along the Connecticut River. U.S. Route 5, Massachusetts Route 9, and Massachusetts Route 10 all intersect in the city's downtown area.

The Pioneer Valley Transit Authority operates several local passenger buses which originate in Northampton, with service to local towns such as Amherst, Williamsburg, Hadley, South Hadley and Holyoke, as well as nearby universities, such as Mount Holyoke College, Amherst College, University of Massachusetts Amherst and Hampshire College. The Franklin Regional Transit Authority operates a bus to Greenfield, Massachusetts. There is a Peter Pan Bus terminal with services to Springfield, Boston, and other locations in New England. The Vermont Transit Lines bus also serves this terminal.

At present, passenger railway service to the Northampton area is provided by Amtrak via the Springfield Union Station, about a 20-minute drive south of Northampton, or a short walk from the Peter Ban Bus terminal in Springfield. The only active rail line through Northampton is operated by a Class 2 railroad regional railway, Pan Am Railways (formerly known as Guilford Rail System). The Amtrak Montrealer was the last passenger train to run through Northampton in 1988. Part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 includes $8 billion for rail, of which $70 million will be spent to realign the Amtrak's Vermonter route. The Vermonter now travels from Springfield to Brattleboro, Vermont via Palmer, Massachusetts, but in the future will take the original more direct Montrealer route through Northampton. In addition to restoring the Northampton stop, stops will be added at Greenfield and possibly Holyoke.

Major domestic and limited international service is available 40 miles to the south at Bradley International Airport (BDL) in Windsor Locks, Connecticut. Northampton Airport, identified by the airport code 7B2, offers a 3365 X 50 foot runway and is within a mile-and-a-half walk from downtown.

Northampton serves as the hub of a growing rail trail network. The north-south Manhan Rail Trail extends from the downtown into neighboring Easthampton, and, as part of the Farmington Canal Trail, is planned eventually to reach New Haven. The Norwottuck Rail Trail runs eastward from Woodmont Road through Hadley, Amherst, and into Belchertown, with planned future integration into the Central Mass Rail Trail to Boston. To the west, the Northampton Bikeway provides access to the city's Florence and Leeds neighborhoods, including a route through historic Look Park, while downtown, the Bikeway provides a much-needed alternative to the congested King and Main Streets.[41]

The city of Northampton faces daily traffic congestion in the downtown area and connector roads often resulting in long delays and traffic build-up. The limitation of one bridge, one highway to nearby city of Amherst, MA and a narrow main street results in unsafe driving behavior and danger to pedestrians.[42] The City of Northampton is attempting to solve this long-occurring problem by redesigning problematic intersections and installing traffic cameras.[43]

Media

The Daily Hampshire Gazette[44] is based in Northampton, covering Hampshire and Franklin counties. Northampton is the city of license for three commercial radio stations: WLZX, WEIB and WHMP. Northampton is also home to WXOJ-LP, a low power community radio station owned and operated by Valley Free Radio. The station was built by more than 400 volunteers from Northampton and around the country in August 2005 at the eighth Prometheus Radio Project barnraising, in conjunction with the tenth annual Grassroots Radio Coalition conference. WXOJ broadcasts music, news, and public affairs to listeners at 103.3FM. Northampton is also the birthplace of The Rainbow Times, the only lesbian-owned LGBT newspaper (found in 2006), which serves New England. According to the U.S. Census 2000, Northampton is the second gayest zip code in Massachusetts, followed by Boston, MA. In addition, Northampton is home to Northampton Community Television, which has existed in numerous forms since the mid-1980s, but which experienced a radical change in 2006 when it became an independently run nonprofit community media center. After a new public unveiling in November 2007, NCTV grew to over 200 active members in less than 18 months and had already attracted statewide and national attention in the community media landscape.

The nationally syndicated television and radio program The David Pakman Show was launched in Northampton and is still produced in the Pioneer Valley.

Points of interest

Notable people

Cultural references

In the Saturday Night Live episode featuring Jason Segel with musical guest Florence and the Machine, Northhampton is referenced in a song called "Massachusetts Afternoon" during a skit by a fictional band.

Notes

  1. ^ Kneeland, Frederick N. (1894). Northampton, the meadow city. Northampton, Massachusetts: F. N. Kneeland and L. P. Bryant. OCLC 24093077. http://www.archive.org/stream/northamptonmeado00knee#page/n5/mode/2up. 
  2. ^ Lipsyte, Robert (June 26, 1994). "Gay Games". The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60915F63D580C758EDDAF0894DC494D81. Retrieved March 22, 2011. 
  3. ^ Brown, Jane Roy (November 20, 2006). "Paradise found". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/travel/articles/2006/11/20/paradise_found/?page=full. Retrieved March 22, 2011. 
  4. ^ "Northampton, Mass: Where Alternative Goes Main Street". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2009/02/17/ST2009021701732.html. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  5. ^ "Most liberal places in America". ePodunk. http://www.epodunk.com/top10/liberal/. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  6. ^ Posted by languagehat at August 19, 2007 02:44 PM (2007-08-19). "Norwottuck". Languagehat.com. http://www.languagehat.com/archives/002846.php. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  7. ^ a b "Pocumtuc". Dickshovel.com. http://www.dickshovel.com/pocu.html. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  8. ^ "Map of history of political boundaries, plantation period". http://www.chronos-historical.org/highway/maps/map07.jpg. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  9. ^ Trumbull, James Russell. History of Northampton, Massachusetts, From Its Settlement in 1654. Northampton (1898), pp. 5–12.
  10. ^ "Map of history of political boundaries c1775". http://www.chronos-historical.org/highway/maps/map11.jpg. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  11. ^ "Map of history of political boundaries, Federal period". http://www.chronos-historical.org/highway/maps/map14.jpg. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  12. ^ "US-5: A Highway To History". Chronos-historical.org. http://www.chronos-historical.org/highway/07.html. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  13. ^ Historic Northampton: Caleb Strong
  14. ^ Historic Northampton: Shays' Rebellion
  15. ^ "Daley & Halligan - Historic Northampton Museum and Education Center". Historic-northampton.org. 2005-11-20. http://www.historic-northampton.org/daleyandhalligan/daleyandhalligan.html. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  16. ^ "Dominic Daley and James Halligan Trial: 1806 - The Crime, The Trial, An Execution And An Exoneration, The Issue Of Bias, Suggestions For Further Reading - JRank Articles". Law.jrank.org. http://law.jrank.org/pages/2417/Dominic-Daley-James-Halligan-Trial-1806.html. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  17. ^ "Hampshire and Hampden Canal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia". En.wikipedia.org. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire_and_Hampden_Canal. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  18. ^ Copeland, Alfred M. "Our County And Its People": A History of Hampden County, Massachusetts. Century Memorial Publishing (1902), pp. 174–75.
  19. ^ Andrews, E. Benjamin. The United States In Our Own Time: A History from Reconstruction to Expansion. C. Scribner's Sons (1903), pp. 183–84.
  20. ^ Gravity Switch, Inc - www.gravityswitch.com. "City of Northampton: History of Northampton". Northamptonma.gov. http://www.northamptonma.gov/aboutNorthampton/History_of_Northampton/. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  21. ^ paradisecityarts.com
  22. ^ "MassLive: Academy of Music back in movie business". Blog.masslive.com. 2007-05-24. http://blog.masslive.com/breakingnews/2007/05/academy_of_music_back_in_movie.html. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  23. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html. Retrieved 2011-04-23. 
  24. ^ a b Northampton Open Space, Recreation and MultiUse Trail Plan: 2011-2017
  25. ^ "TOTAL POPULATION (P1), 2010 Census Summary File 1, All County Subdivisions within Massachusetts". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/P1/0400000US25.06000. Retrieved September 13, 2011. 
  26. ^ "Massachusetts by Place and County Subdivision - GCT-T1. Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US25&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-T1&-ds_name=PEP_2009_EST&-_lang=en&-format=ST-9&-_sse=on. Retrieved July 12, 2011. 
  27. ^ "1990 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics: Massachusetts". US Census Bureau. December 1990. Table 76: General Characteristics of Persons, Households, and Families: 1990. 1990 CP-1-23. http://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cp1/cp-1-23.pdf. Retrieved July 12, 2011. 
  28. ^ "1980 Census of the Population, Number of Inhabitants: Massachusetts". US Census Bureau. December 1981. Table 4. Populations of County Subdivisions: 1960 to 1980. PC80-1-A23. http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1980a_maABC-01.pdf. Retrieved July 12, 2011. 
  29. ^ "1950 Census of Population". Bureau of the Census. 1952. Section 6, Pages 21-10 and 21-11, Massachusetts Table 6. Population of Counties by Minor Civil Divisions: 1930 to 1950. http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/23761117v1ch06.pdf. Retrieved July 12, 2011. 
  30. ^ "1920 Census of Population". Bureau of the Census. Number of Inhabitants, by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions. Pages 21-5 through 21-7. Massachusetts Table 2. Population of Counties by Minor Civil Divisions: 1920, 1910, and 1920. http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/41084506no553ch2.pdf. Retrieved July 12, 2011. 
  31. ^ "1890 Census of the Population". Department of the Interior, Census Office. Pages 179 through 182. Massachusetts Table 5. Population of States and Territories by Minor Civil Divisions: 1880 and 1890. http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/41084506no553ch2.pdf. Retrieved July 12, 2011. 
  32. ^ "1870 Census of the Population". Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1872. Pages 217 through 220. Table IX. Population of Minor Civil Divisions, &c. Massachusetts. http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1870e-05.pdf. Retrieved July 12, 2011. 
  33. ^ "1860 Census". Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1864. Pages 220 through 226. State of Massachusetts Table No. 3. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c.. http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1860a-08.pdf. Retrieved July 12, 2011. 
  34. ^ "1850 Census". Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1854. Pages 338 through 393. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c.. http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1850c-11.pdf. Retrieved July 12, 2011. 
  35. ^ "1950 Census of Population". Bureau of the Census. 1952. Section 6, Pages 21-7 through 21-09, Massachusetts Table 4. Population of Urban Places of 10,000 or more from Earliest Census to 1920. http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/23761117v1ch06.pdf. Retrieved July 12, 2011. 
  36. ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 
  37. ^ "City Data". City Data. http://www.city-data.com/top2/c15.html. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  38. ^ "Northampton, MA (Hampshire County) - city gay Index". ePodunk. http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/gayInfo.php?locIndex=3069. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  39. ^ Gravity Switch, Inc - www.gravityswitch.com. "Mayor's Office Mayor's Office Home". Northamptonma.gov. http://www.northamptonma.gov/gsuniverse/httpRoot/mayor/. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  40. ^ "Registration and Party Enrollment Statistics as of October 15, 2008" (PDF). Massachusetts Elections Division. http://www.sec.state.ma.us/ele/elepdf/st_county_town_enroll_breakdown_08.pdf. Retrieved 2010-05-08. 
  41. ^ Northampton Open Space, Recreation, and Rail Trail Plan: 2011-2017
  42. ^ "City officials address traffic problems on King and Main Streets - News - The Sophian - Smith College". Media.www.smithsophian.com. http://media.www.smithsophian.com/media/storage/paper587/news/2011/03/24/News/City-Officials.Address.Traffic.Problems.On.King.And.Main.Streets-3987530.shtml. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  43. ^ Diane Lederman, The Republican. "UMass webcams keep tabs on traffic in Amherst, Hadley, Northampton". masslive.com. http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2011/04/umass_webcams_keep_tabs_on_traffic_amherst_hadley_northampton.html. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  44. ^ gazettenet.com
  45. ^ firstchurches.org
  46. ^ millrivergreenway.org
  47. ^ 3countyfair.com
  48. ^ niff.org
  49. ^ forbeslibrary.org
  50. ^ ncmc.net
  51. ^ northamptonpride.org
  52. ^ "Daley & Halligan - Historic Northampton Museum and Education Center". Historic-northampton.org. 2005-11-20. http://www.historic-northampton.org/daleyandhalligan/daleyandhalligan.html. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  53. ^ sylvestersrestaurant.com
  54. ^ northamptonfire.org
  55. ^ "Bird of a Thousand Eyes". Collective Copies. http://www.collectivecopies.com/publishing/feature_aalfs_bird.htm. Retrieved 3 January 2011. 
  56. ^ "The History of the Descendants of Elder John Strong, of Northampton, Massachusetts, Vol. II, Benjamin Woodbridge Dwight, Joel Munsell, Albany, 1871". Books.google.com. 2010-09-06. http://books.google.com/books?id=YBxWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1479&lpg=PA1479&dq=%22jonathan+hunt%22+northampton&source=web&ots=TBPXBGZRLR&sig=5OUt3iW6A6llGCXwE_4173rvQ84&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
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  58. ^ "Roderick Hudson". eNotes. http://www.enotes.com/roderick-hudson-salem/roderick-hudson. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
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  60. ^ "filming locations". ePodunk. http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/allProp.php?localID=3069&tpropID=filmLoc&sec=0. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  61. ^ The Greenfield Recorder
  62. ^ By (2009-10-21). "Ninja Turtles move to Nickelodeon – Entertainment News, Film News, Media". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118010193.html?categoryid=13&cs=1. Retrieved 2010-06-04. 

References

External links

Municipalities and communities of Hampshire County, Massachusetts, USA
Cities
Towns
CDPs
Other
villages
Footnotes

‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
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Note: Municipalities not listed above have a town meeting form of government. Municipalities listed above in italics have a city form of government, but have retained the name prefix "Town of " as part of their official names.